Title: MintDeck — German A1

Front: Hallo
Back: hello / hi
Hallo, ich bin Anna. — Hello, I am Anna.
Notes: Neutral and works in almost any situation, formal or informal. Pronounced with stress on the second syllable: ha-LO.

Front: Guten Morgen
Back: good morning
Guten Morgen, Frau Müller! — Good morning, Mrs. Müller!
Notes: Used until about 11 a.m. 'Morgen' is also the noun for 'morning' AND an adverb meaning 'tomorrow' — context decides.

Front: Guten Tag
Back: good day / hello (formal)
Guten Tag, wie kann ich helfen? — Good day, how can I help?
Notes: The standard polite greeting when you walk into a shop or office. In southern Germany and Austria people often say 'Grüß Gott' instead.

Front: Guten Abend
Back: good evening
Guten Abend, schön Sie zu sehen. — Good evening, nice to see you.
Notes: Used from roughly 6 p.m. 'Gute Nacht' (good night) is only for going to bed, not for greeting in the evening.

Front: Gute Nacht
Back: good night
Gute Nacht, schlaf gut! — Good night, sleep well!
Notes: Only a farewell before sleeping — never use it to greet someone arriving in the evening; use 'Guten Abend' for that.

Front: Tschüss
Back: bye (informal)
Tschüss, bis morgen! — Bye, see you tomorrow!
Notes: Casual goodbye for friends and people you say 'du' to. For formal situations use 'Auf Wiedersehen' instead.

Front: Auf Wiedersehen
Back: goodbye (formal)
Auf Wiedersehen, Herr Doktor. — Goodbye, doctor.
Notes: Literally 'until seeing again'. On the phone you say 'Auf Wiederhören' instead (hören = to hear).

Front: Bis bald
Back: see you soon
Bis bald, mach's gut! — See you soon, take care!
Notes: 'bis' (until) starts many farewells: 'bis morgen' (tomorrow), 'bis später' (later), 'bis dann' (then).

Front: Wie geht's?
Back: How are you? (informal)
Hallo Tom, wie geht's? — Hi Tom, how are you?
Notes: Short for 'Wie geht es dir?'. The formal version is 'Wie geht es Ihnen?'. The 's is a contraction of 'es'.

Front: Danke
Back: thank you
Danke für deine Hilfe. — Thanks for your help.
Notes: 'Danke schön' or 'Vielen Dank' are more emphatic. Confusingly, answering 'Danke' to an offer can mean 'no thanks' — context matters.

Front: Bitte
Back: please / you're welcome / here you go
Einen Kaffee, bitte. — A coffee, please.
Notes: One of the most multi-purpose words: it means 'please', the reply to 'Danke', and 'here you are' when handing something over.

Front: Entschuldigung
Back: excuse me / sorry
Entschuldigung, wo ist der Bahnhof? — Excuse me, where is the station?
Notes: Use it both to apologize and to get someone's attention. The matching verb is 'sich entschuldigen' (to apologize).

Front: Ja
Back: yes
Ja, das stimmt. — Yes, that's right.
Notes: To contradict a negative question, Germans say 'Doch!' instead of 'Ja' — e.g. 'Magst du das nicht?' → 'Doch!' (Yes, I do!).

Front: Nein
Back: no
Nein, danke. — No, thank you.
Notes: Don't confuse 'nein' (no) with 'kein' (not a/no + noun): 'Nein, ich habe kein Auto.' (No, I have no car.)

Front: Ich heiße ...
Back: My name is ...
Ich heiße Maria. — My name is Maria.
Notes: From the verb 'heißen' (to be called). More natural than 'Mein Name ist'. Ask back with 'Wie heißt du?' / 'Wie heißen Sie?'

Front: Freut mich
Back: Nice to meet you
Freut mich, Sie kennenzulernen. — Nice to meet you.
Notes: Short for 'Es freut mich' (it pleases me). A common full version is 'Freut mich, dich kennenzulernen.'

Front: Willkommen
Back: welcome
Herzlich willkommen in Berlin! — A warm welcome to Berlin!
Notes: Often paired with 'herzlich' (heartfelt). Note: it is NOT the reply to 'Danke' — for that use 'Bitte' or 'Gern geschehen'.

Front: der Name, die Namen
Back: the name
Mein Name ist Klaus. — My name is Klaus.
Notes: An 'n-noun' (weak noun): it takes an extra -n in most cases, e.g. 'Wie war Ihren Namen?' → correctly 'Ihren Namen'.

Front: vorstellen
Back: to introduce / to imagine
Ich stelle dir meine Freundin vor. — I'll introduce my girlfriend to you.
Notes: Separable verb: 'Ich stelle ... vor.' With 'sich' it means 'to imagine': 'Stell dir vor!' (Imagine that!).

Front: kennenlernen
Back: to get to know / to meet
Ich möchte dich kennenlernen. — I would like to get to know you.
Notes: Separable: 'Ich lerne ihn kennen.' Used for meeting someone for the first time, not for an arranged meeting (that's 'treffen').

Front: die Person, die Personen
Back: the person
Drei Personen warten draußen. — Three people are waiting outside.
Notes: Words ending in -on are usually feminine (die). For 'people' in general Germans more often say 'die Leute' (no singular).

Front: der Mann, die Männer
Back: the man / the husband
Der Mann liest eine Zeitung. — The man is reading a newspaper.
Notes: Plural takes an umlaut: Mann → Männer. 'Mann' also means 'husband'; 'mein Mann' = my husband.

Front: die Frau, die Frauen
Back: the woman / the wife / Mrs.
Die Frau arbeitet hier. — The woman works here.
Notes: Also the title 'Mrs./Ms.' before a name (Frau Schmidt) and means 'wife': 'meine Frau' = my wife.

Front: das Kind, die Kinder
Back: the child
Das Kind spielt im Garten. — The child plays in the garden.
Notes: Neuter (das), like most young beings (das Baby, das Mädchen). Plural adds -er: Kind → Kinder.

Front: der Herr, die Herren
Back: the gentleman / Mr.
Guten Tag, Herr Becker. — Good day, Mr. Becker.
Notes: Weak n-noun: it becomes 'Herrn' in singular outside the nominative, e.g. 'Ich sehe den Herrn.'

Front: das Land, die Länder
Back: the country / the land
Deutschland ist ein schönes Land. — Germany is a beautiful country.
Notes: Plural takes an umlaut and -er: Land → Länder. The same word means 'countryside' (auf dem Land).

Front: die Stadt, die Städte
Back: the city / the town
Berlin ist eine große Stadt. — Berlin is a big city.
Notes: Irregular plural with umlaut: Stadt → Städte. Don't confuse with 'der Staat' (the state/nation).

Front: die Sprache, die Sprachen
Back: the language
Deutsch ist eine schwere Sprache. — German is a hard language.
Notes: From 'sprechen' (to speak). Most nouns ending in -e are feminine (die) and add -n in the plural.

Front: die Adresse, die Adressen
Back: the address
Wie ist deine Adresse? — What is your address?
Notes: Spelled with one 'd' and double 's', unlike English. Words ending in unstressed -e are usually feminine.

Front: die Telefonnummer, die Telefonnummern
Back: the phone number
Gib mir bitte deine Telefonnummer. — Please give me your phone number.
Notes: A compound noun; the gender always comes from the LAST part (die Nummer), so it's 'die'.

Front: wohnen
Back: to live / to reside
Ich wohne in Hamburg. — I live in Hamburg.
Notes: Use 'wohnen' for where you reside; use 'leben' for being alive or one's lifestyle. They are not interchangeable.

Front: kommen
Back: to come
Ich komme aus Spanien. — I come from Spain.
Notes: 'kommen aus' = to be from (origin). It takes 'sein' in the past: 'Ich bin gekommen.'

Front: das Alter, (kein Plural)
Back: the age
Mein Alter ist 25 Jahre. — My age is 25 years.
Notes: Neuter and rarely pluralized. Note 'alt' (old) is the adjective; 'das Alter' is the noun.

Front: der Beruf, die Berufe
Back: the job / profession
Was sind Sie von Beruf? — What is your profession?
Notes: Ask about jobs with 'Was bist du von Beruf?'. Don't confuse with 'die Arbeit' (work in general).

Front: die Nationalität, die Nationalitäten
Back: the nationality
Meine Nationalität ist deutsch. — My nationality is German.
Notes: Words ending in -tät are always feminine (die) — like die Universität, die Qualität.

Front: verheiratet
Back: married
Ich bin verheiratet. — I am married.
Notes: Adjective; opposite is 'ledig' (single) or 'geschieden' (divorced). Used with 'sein': 'Sie ist verheiratet.'

Front: buchstabieren
Back: to spell
Können Sie das buchstabieren? — Can you spell that?
Notes: Inseparable verb, so no split. Essential for giving your name; practice the German alphabet to answer.

Front: sprechen
Back: to speak
Ich spreche ein bisschen Deutsch. — I speak a little German.
Notes: Stem-changing verb: ich spreche, but du sprichst, er spricht (e → i). 'Sprechen Sie Englisch?' = Do you speak English?

Front: verstehen
Back: to understand
Ich verstehe das nicht. — I don't understand that.
Notes: Inseparable (the 'ver-' prefix never splits). Useful phrase: 'Wie bitte?' to ask someone to repeat.

Front: der Wohnort, die Wohnorte
Back: the place of residence
Mein Wohnort ist München. — My place of residence is Munich.
Notes: Compound: 'wohnen' + 'der Ort' (place). Gender comes from 'der Ort', so it's 'der'.

Front: zwei
Back: two
Ich habe zwei Brüder. — I have two brothers.
Notes: On the phone Germans often say 'zwo' instead of 'zwei' to avoid confusion with 'drei' (three).

Front: drei
Back: three
Die Familie hat drei Kinder. — The family has three children.
Notes: From 4 onward, numbers don't change form before nouns. Only 'eins' becomes ein/eine/einen.

Front: vier
Back: four
Es ist vier Uhr. — It is four o'clock.
Notes: Don't confuse 'vier' (four) with 'für' (for) — they sound similar but the vowels differ.

Front: fünf
Back: five
Ich brauche fünf Minuten. — I need five minutes.
Notes: Note the ü. The related ordinal is 'fünfte' (fifth): 'der fünfte Mai'.

Front: sechs
Back: six
Der Bus kommt um sechs. — The bus comes at six.
Notes: Pronounced 'zeks'. Careful: 'sechs' (six) sounds close to 'Sex' but the 'chs' is a hard 'ks'.

Front: sieben
Back: seven
Eine Woche hat sieben Tage. — A week has seven days.
Notes: The only single-digit number with two syllables. Ordinal drops a syllable: 'siebte' (seventh).

Front: acht
Back: eight
Ich stehe um acht Uhr auf. — I get up at eight o'clock.
Notes: Don't confuse with 'die Acht' (caution) in 'Acht geben' (to pay attention).

Front: neun
Back: nine
Das Kind ist neun Jahre alt. — The child is nine years old.
Notes: Don't confuse 'neun' (nine) with 'neu' (new) or 'nein' (no) — three similar-looking words.

Front: zehn
Back: ten
Ich zähle bis zehn. — I count to ten.
Notes: The 'h' is silent and just lengthens the vowel. Related verb: 'zählen' (to count).

Front: elf
Back: eleven
Es ist elf Uhr. — It is eleven o'clock.
Notes: 'elf' and 'zwölf' are irregular; from 13 on, numbers follow the pattern 'unit + zehn' (dreizehn).

Front: zwölf
Back: twelve
Um zwölf Uhr essen wir. — At twelve o'clock we eat.
Notes: Note the ö. 'zwölf Uhr' (noon) is also called 'Mittag'; midnight is 'Mitternacht'.

Front: zwanzig
Back: twenty
Ich bin zwanzig Jahre alt. — I am twenty years old.
Notes: Tens end in -zig (except 'dreißig'). Compounds are read units-first: 21 = 'einundzwanzig' (one-and-twenty).

Front: dreißig
Back: thirty
Der Film dauert dreißig Minuten. — The film lasts thirty minutes.
Notes: The odd one out: spelled with 'ß', not 'zig' like the other tens (vierzig, fünfzig).

Front: hundert
Back: hundred
Das Buch hat hundert Seiten. — The book has a hundred pages.
Notes: Usually said without 'ein': just 'hundert', not 'einhundert' (though both are correct).

Front: tausend
Back: thousand
Die Stadt hat tausend Einwohner. — The town has a thousand inhabitants.
Notes: Germans use a period (or space) as the thousands separator: 1.000 = one thousand, and a comma for decimals.

Front: die Zahl, die Zahlen
Back: the number (numeral)
Die Zahl sieben ist mein Glück. — The number seven is my luck.
Notes: 'die Zahl' is a number/figure; 'die Nummer' is a number used as a label (phone number, house number).

Front: die Uhr, die Uhren
Back: the clock / o'clock
Die Uhr ist kaputt. — The clock is broken.
Notes: 'Uhr' tells the time (zwei Uhr = 2 o'clock); 'die Stunde' is a duration (one hour). Different words!

Front: die Stunde, die Stunden
Back: the hour
Der Film dauert zwei Stunden. — The film lasts two hours.
Notes: Duration of 60 minutes. Use 'Uhr' for clock time. 'Eine halbe Stunde' = half an hour.

Front: die Minute, die Minuten
Back: the minute
Warte eine Minute! — Wait a minute!
Notes: Feminine like most -e nouns. 'Viertel' (quarter) is used in telling time: 'Viertel nach drei' = quarter past three.

Front: der Tag, die Tage
Back: the day
Heute ist ein schöner Tag. — Today is a beautiful day.
Notes: Masculine. Appears in greetings ('Guten Tag') and compounds (der Geburtstag = birthday).

Front: die Woche, die Wochen
Back: the week
Ich arbeite fünf Tage die Woche. — I work five days a week.
Notes: 'das Wochenende' (weekend) is neuter because its last part is 'das Ende'. Feminine -e rule applies to 'Woche'.

Front: der Monat, die Monate
Back: the month
Der Monat Mai hat 31 Tage. — The month of May has 31 days.
Notes: Masculine. Don't confuse with 'der Mond' (the moon), which looks similar.

Front: das Jahr, die Jahre
Back: the year
Ein Jahr hat zwölf Monate. — A year has twelve months.
Notes: Neuter. 'Frohes neues Jahr!' = Happy New Year! Age is given with 'Jahre alt'.

Front: der Montag, die Montage
Back: Monday
Am Montag gehe ich zur Arbeit. — On Monday I go to work.
Notes: All weekdays are masculine (der), because they end in '-tag'. Use 'am' for 'on': am Montag.

Front: heute
Back: today
Heute ist Mittwoch. — Today is Wednesday.
Notes: Time adverb. The trio to memorize: 'gestern' (yesterday), 'heute' (today), 'morgen' (tomorrow).

Front: morgen
Back: tomorrow
Morgen fahre ich nach Köln. — Tomorrow I'm driving to Cologne.
Notes: Lowercase 'morgen' = tomorrow (adverb); capitalized 'der Morgen' = the morning (noun). Same spelling!

Front: gestern
Back: yesterday
Gestern war ich krank. — Yesterday I was ill.
Notes: Signals past tense, often used with the Perfekt: 'Gestern habe ich gearbeitet.'

Front: die Zeit, die Zeiten
Back: the time
Ich habe keine Zeit. — I have no time.
Notes: Abstract 'time'. For clock time use 'Uhr'. 'Wie viel Uhr ist es?' = What time is it?

Front: spät
Back: late
Es ist schon spät. — It's already late.
Notes: 'Wie spät ist es?' literally 'how late is it?' is the everyday way to ask the time. Opposite: 'früh' (early).

Front: früh
Back: early
Ich stehe früh auf. — I get up early.
Notes: 'früh' (early) vs 'der Frühling' (spring) vs 'das Frühstück' (breakfast) all share the 'früh' root.

Front: die Familie, die Familien
Back: the family
Meine Familie ist groß. — My family is big.
Notes: Pronounced with four syllables: fa-MI-li-e. Plural adds -n: Familien.

Front: die Mutter, die Mütter
Back: the mother
Meine Mutter kocht gern. — My mother likes to cook.
Notes: Plural takes an umlaut only (no ending): Mutter → Mütter. Informal: 'die Mama'.

Front: der Vater, die Väter
Back: the father
Mein Vater arbeitet viel. — My father works a lot.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural like Mutter: Vater → Väter. Informal: 'der Papa'.

Front: die Eltern, (kein Singular)
Back: the parents
Meine Eltern wohnen in Wien. — My parents live in Vienna.
Notes: Plural-only noun — there is no singular 'Elter'. Always takes a plural verb.

Front: der Bruder, die Brüder
Back: the brother
Mein Bruder ist älter als ich. — My brother is older than me.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Bruder → Brüder. Siblings together = 'die Geschwister'.

Front: die Schwester, die Schwestern
Back: the sister
Meine Schwester studiert Medizin. — My sister studies medicine.
Notes: Plural adds -n: Schwestern (no umlaut). Brother + sister = die Geschwister (siblings).

Front: die Geschwister, (kein Singular)
Back: the siblings
Hast du Geschwister? — Do you have siblings?
Notes: Plural-only word covering brothers and sisters together. There is no everyday singular form.

Front: der Sohn, die Söhne
Back: the son
Ihr Sohn ist sehr nett. — Her son is very nice.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Sohn → Söhne. Note the silent 'h' lengthens the 'o'.

Front: die Tochter, die Töchter
Back: the daughter
Meine Tochter geht zur Schule. — My daughter goes to school.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Tochter → Töchter, like Mutter and Vater.

Front: die Oma, die Omas
Back: the grandma
Meine Oma backt Kuchen. — My grandma bakes cake.
Notes: Informal for 'die Großmutter'. Foreign/casual nouns often take -s in the plural: Omas.

Front: der Opa, die Opas
Back: the grandpa
Mein Opa erzählt Geschichten. — My grandpa tells stories.
Notes: Informal for 'der Großvater'. Like 'Oma', the plural takes -s.

Front: die Großmutter, die Großmütter
Back: the grandmother
Meine Großmutter ist 80. — My grandmother is 80.
Notes: Compound of 'groß' + 'Mutter', so plural keeps Mutter's umlaut: Großmütter.

Front: der Großvater, die Großväter
Back: the grandfather
Mein Großvater liest gern. — My grandfather likes to read.
Notes: Gender and plural follow 'Vater': der Großvater → die Großväter.

Front: die Tante, die Tanten
Back: the aunt
Meine Tante wohnt in Bonn. — My aunt lives in Bonn.
Notes: Feminine -e noun, plural adds -n. Counterpart: 'der Onkel'.

Front: der Onkel, die Onkel
Back: the uncle
Mein Onkel hat ein Boot. — My uncle has a boat.
Notes: Plural is identical to the singular (nouns ending in -el often don't change): die Onkel.

Front: der Freund, die Freunde
Back: the friend / boyfriend
Mein Freund heißt Max. — My friend/boyfriend is called Max.
Notes: 'mein Freund' can mean 'my boyfriend'; for just a friend say 'ein Freund von mir' to avoid ambiguity.

Front: die Freundin, die Freundinnen
Back: the friend / girlfriend (female)
Meine Freundin ist Lehrerin. — My friend/girlfriend is a teacher.
Notes: The -in ending makes a feminine person; the plural doubles the n: Freundin → Freundinnen.

Front: das Baby, die Babys
Back: the baby
Das Baby schläft. — The baby is sleeping.
Notes: Neuter (das) like 'das Kind' and 'das Mädchen'. German plural is 'Babys', not 'Babies'.

Front: heiraten
Back: to marry
Sie heiraten im Mai. — They are getting married in May.
Notes: Takes a direct object without a preposition: 'Er heiratet sie' (he marries her), not 'mit ihr'.

Front: lieben
Back: to love
Ich liebe meine Familie. — I love my family.
Notes: Stronger than 'mögen' (to like). 'Ich liebe dich' is reserved for deep love, not casual liking.

Front: das Essen, die Essen
Back: the food / the meal
Das Essen schmeckt gut. — The food tastes good.
Notes: A 'nominalized' verb (essen = to eat). Verbs used as nouns are always neuter (das).

Front: das Brot, die Brote
Back: the bread
Ich kaufe ein Brot. — I'm buying a loaf of bread.
Notes: 'ein Brot' is a whole loaf; a single slice is 'eine Scheibe Brot'. A bread roll is 'das Brötchen'.

Front: das Brötchen, die Brötchen
Back: the bread roll
Zum Frühstück esse ich ein Brötchen. — For breakfast I eat a roll.
Notes: The -chen ending makes it neuter (das) AND means 'small'; such diminutives never change in the plural.

Front: die Butter, (kein Plural)
Back: the butter
Ich mag Butter auf dem Brot. — I like butter on bread.
Notes: Feminine (die) and uncountable, so no plural. Unusual gender — most -er nouns are masculine.

Front: der Käse, die Käse
Back: the cheese
Der Käse riecht stark. — The cheese smells strong.
Notes: Masculine despite ending in -e (an exception to the feminine -e rule). Plural rarely used.

Front: das Ei, die Eier
Back: the egg
Ich esse ein Ei zum Frühstück. — I eat an egg for breakfast.
Notes: Irregular plural: Ei → Eier. Don't confuse with 'das Eis' (ice/ice cream).

Front: die Milch, (kein Plural)
Back: the milk
Die Milch ist im Kühlschrank. — The milk is in the fridge.
Notes: Feminine and uncountable (no plural). Coffee with milk = 'Kaffee mit Milch'.

Front: der Kaffee, die Kaffees
Back: the coffee
Möchten Sie einen Kaffee? — Would you like a coffee?
Notes: Masculine. Stress on the first syllable: KA-fee. Plural (cups of coffee) takes -s.

Front: der Tee, die Tees
Back: the tea
Ich trinke gern Tee. — I like to drink tea.
Notes: Masculine, like most hot drinks (der Kaffee, der Tee). Double 'e' is pronounced long.

Front: das Wasser, (kein Plural)
Back: the water
Ich trinke viel Wasser. — I drink a lot of water.
Notes: Neuter and normally uncountable. German tap water is 'Leitungswasser'; sparkling is 'mit Kohlensäure'.

Front: der Saft, die Säfte
Back: the juice
Ein Glas Orangensaft, bitte. — A glass of orange juice, please.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Saft → Säfte. Orange juice = 'der Orangensaft', apple juice = 'der Apfelsaft'.

Front: das Bier, die Biere
Back: the beer
Ein Bier, bitte! — A beer, please!
Notes: Neuter (das), unlike most drinks which are masculine. 'Ein großes Bier' = a large beer.

Front: der Apfel, die Äpfel
Back: the apple
Der Apfel ist rot. — The apple is red.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Apfel → Äpfel. Apple juice = 'der Apfelsaft'.

Front: die Kartoffel, die Kartoffeln
Back: the potato
Wir essen Kartoffeln zum Fleisch. — We eat potatoes with the meat.
Notes: Feminine. Plural adds -n: Kartoffeln. Often eaten in German cuisine; fries = 'Pommes'.

Front: das Gemüse, (kein Plural)
Back: the vegetables
Gemüse ist gesund. — Vegetables are healthy.
Notes: Neuter and used as a collective singular (no plural), unlike English 'vegetables'.

Front: das Obst, (kein Plural)
Back: the fruit
Ich kaufe frisches Obst. — I buy fresh fruit.
Notes: Collective neuter noun (no plural) for fruit in general. A single piece of fruit is 'die Frucht'.

Front: das Fleisch, (kein Plural)
Back: the meat
Ich esse kein Fleisch. — I don't eat meat.
Notes: Neuter, uncountable. Note 'kein' (not any) negates the noun: 'kein Fleisch' = no meat.

Front: der Fisch, die Fische
Back: the fish
Freitags essen wir Fisch. — On Fridays we eat fish.
Notes: Masculine. The animal and the food share the word; plural Fische for multiple fish/types.

Front: die Suppe, die Suppen
Back: the soup
Die Suppe ist heiß. — The soup is hot.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. Soup is 'eaten' (essen) in German, not 'drunk': 'Suppe essen'.

Front: essen
Back: to eat
Wir essen um sieben. — We eat at seven.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich esse, but du isst, er isst (e → i). 'Essen' as a noun (das Essen) = food/meal.

Front: trinken
Back: to drink
Ich trinke ein Glas Wasser. — I drink a glass of water.
Notes: Regular in the present. Note: soup and tablets are 'eaten' or 'taken', not drunk, in German idiom.

Front: kochen
Back: to cook
Meine Mutter kocht heute. — My mother is cooking today.
Notes: Regular verb. Also means 'to boil': 'Das Wasser kocht' = the water is boiling.

Front: schmecken
Back: to taste (good)
Das Essen schmeckt mir. — The food tastes good to me.
Notes: Works like 'gefallen': the food is the subject and the person is in the dative: 'Es schmeckt mir.'

Front: das Frühstück, die Frühstücke
Back: the breakfast
Das Frühstück ist fertig. — Breakfast is ready.
Notes: Neuter. The verb 'frühstücken' (to have breakfast) is inseparable: 'Ich frühstücke um acht.'

Front: der Hunger, (kein Plural)
Back: the hunger
Ich habe Hunger. — I'm hungry.
Notes: Germans say 'Hunger haben' (to have hunger), not 'to be hungry'. Masculine, no plural.

Front: der Durst, (kein Plural)
Back: the thirst
Ich habe großen Durst. — I'm very thirsty.
Notes: Like Hunger: 'Durst haben' (to have thirst). Masculine and uncountable.

Front: das Restaurant, die Restaurants
Back: the restaurant
Wir gehen ins Restaurant. — We're going to the restaurant.
Notes: French loanword (silent final 't'); plural takes -s. 'ins' = in das (into the).

Front: die Speisekarte, die Speisekarten
Back: the menu
Die Speisekarte, bitte! — The menu, please!
Notes: 'Speise' (dish) + 'Karte' (card). Don't confuse 'die Karte' (the menu/card) with 'die Rechnung' (the bill).

Front: die Rechnung, die Rechnungen
Back: the bill / invoice
Die Rechnung, bitte. — The bill, please.
Notes: All -ung nouns are feminine (die). To ask to pay: 'Zahlen, bitte!' or 'Die Rechnung, bitte.'

Front: bestellen
Back: to order
Ich bestelle eine Pizza. — I'll order a pizza.
Notes: Inseparable verb (be- prefix). Don't confuse with 'bestätigen' (to confirm). Used in restaurants and online.

Front: das Wohnhaus, die Wohnhäuser
Back: the residential house
Das Wohnhaus hat drei Stockwerke. — The house has three floors.
Notes: Compound from 'das Haus'; plural keeps the umlaut: Häuser → Wohnhäuser.

Front: das Haus, die Häuser
Back: the house
Wir wohnen in einem Haus. — We live in a house.
Notes: Irregular plural with umlaut and -er: Haus → Häuser. 'nach Hause' = (going) home; 'zu Hause' = at home.

Front: die Wohnung, die Wohnungen
Back: the apartment / flat
Meine Wohnung ist klein. — My apartment is small.
Notes: From 'wohnen'. The -ung ending makes it feminine (die) and the plural adds -en.

Front: das Zimmer, die Zimmer
Back: the room
Mein Zimmer ist oben. — My room is upstairs.
Notes: Neuter; nouns ending in -er often have an identical plural: die Zimmer (no change).

Front: die Küche, die Küchen
Back: the kitchen
Wir kochen in der Küche. — We cook in the kitchen.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. Don't confuse 'die Küche' (kitchen) with 'der Kuchen' (cake) — almost identical!

Front: das Bad, die Bäder
Back: the bathroom / bath
Das Bad ist sauber. — The bathroom is clean.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Bad → Bäder. Short for 'das Badezimmer'. The verb 'baden' = to bathe.

Front: das Schlafzimmer, die Schlafzimmer
Back: the bedroom
Das Schlafzimmer ist ruhig. — The bedroom is quiet.
Notes: 'schlafen' (to sleep) + 'Zimmer'. Plural unchanged because it ends in -er.

Front: das Wohnzimmer, die Wohnzimmer
Back: the living room
Im Wohnzimmer steht ein Sofa. — There's a sofa in the living room.
Notes: 'wohnen' + 'Zimmer'. Neuter and plural-unchanged like all -zimmer compounds.

Front: der Tisch, die Tische
Back: the table
Der Tisch ist aus Holz. — The table is made of wood.
Notes: Masculine. Plural adds -e: Tische. Don't confuse with 'der Teller' (the plate).

Front: der Stuhl, die Stühle
Back: the chair
Der Stuhl ist bequem. — The chair is comfortable.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Stuhl → Stühle. An armchair is 'der Sessel'.

Front: das Bett, die Betten
Back: the bed
Ich gehe ins Bett. — I'm going to bed.
Notes: Neuter. Plural doubles the t: Betten. 'ins Bett gehen' = to go to bed.

Front: der Schrank, die Schränke
Back: the cupboard / wardrobe
Die Kleider sind im Schrank. — The clothes are in the wardrobe.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Schrank → Schränke. The fridge is 'der Kühlschrank' (cool-cupboard).

Front: das Sofa, die Sofas
Back: the sofa / couch
Wir sitzen auf dem Sofa. — We sit on the sofa.
Notes: Neuter loanword; plural takes -s. Also called 'die Couch' (feminine).

Front: die Lampe, die Lampen
Back: the lamp
Die Lampe ist hell. — The lamp is bright.
Notes: Feminine -e noun, plural -n. The verb is 'leuchten' (to shine).

Front: das Fenster, die Fenster
Back: the window
Öffne bitte das Fenster. — Please open the window.
Notes: Neuter; plural unchanged (ends in -er). 'Stoßlüften' (opening windows wide) is a German habit.

Front: die Tür, die Türen
Back: the door
Die Tür ist offen. — The door is open.
Notes: Feminine. Plural adds -en: Türen. 'Mach die Tür zu!' = Close the door! (zumachen, separable).

Front: der Boden, die Böden
Back: the floor / ground
Die Katze liegt auf dem Boden. — The cat lies on the floor.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Boden → Böden. Means both the floor of a room and the ground/soil.

Front: die Wand, die Wände
Back: the wall (interior)
An der Wand hängt ein Bild. — A picture hangs on the wall.
Notes: An interior wall; an outdoor/garden wall is 'die Mauer'. Umlaut plural: Wand → Wände.

Front: der Garten, die Gärten
Back: the garden
Die Kinder spielen im Garten. — The children play in the garden.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Garten → Gärten. A kindergarten is literally a 'children's garden'.

Front: der Kühlschrank, die Kühlschränke
Back: the fridge
Die Milch ist im Kühlschrank. — The milk is in the fridge.
Notes: 'kühl' (cool) + 'Schrank' (cupboard). Plural keeps the umlaut: Kühlschränke.

Front: die Schule, die Schulen
Back: the school
Die Kinder gehen zur Schule. — The children go to school.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. 'zur Schule' = zu der Schule (to school). The teacher is 'der Lehrer'.

Front: die Universität, die Universitäten
Back: the university
Ich studiere an der Universität. — I study at the university.
Notes: Words ending in -tät are feminine. Often shortened to 'die Uni'. 'studieren' = to study at university.

Front: der Lehrer, die Lehrer
Back: the teacher (male)
Der Lehrer erklärt die Grammatik. — The teacher explains the grammar.
Notes: Masculine -er agent noun; plural unchanged. Female teacher: 'die Lehrerin', plural 'Lehrerinnen'.

Front: der Schüler, die Schüler
Back: the pupil / student (school)
Der Schüler macht Hausaufgaben. — The pupil does homework.
Notes: A school pupil; a university student is 'der Student'. Female: 'die Schülerin'.

Front: der Student, die Studenten
Back: the student (university)
Der Student lernt für die Prüfung. — The student studies for the exam.
Notes: Weak n-noun: adds -en in all cases except nominative singular: 'den Studenten'. Female: 'die Studentin'.

Front: lernen
Back: to learn / to study
Ich lerne Deutsch. — I'm learning German.
Notes: 'lernen' = to learn/study material; 'studieren' = to study at a university. Don't mix them up.

Front: studieren
Back: to study (at university)
Sie studiert Biologie. — She studies biology.
Notes: Only for university-level study of a subject. For learning vocab or for an exam, use 'lernen'.

Front: die Hausaufgabe, die Hausaufgaben
Back: the homework (one task)
Mach deine Hausaufgaben! — Do your homework!
Notes: Often used in the plural 'Hausaufgaben' for homework as a whole. 'Aufgabe' = task; 'aufgeben' = to assign.

Front: die Prüfung, die Prüfungen
Back: the exam / test
Die Prüfung war schwer. — The exam was hard.
Notes: From 'prüfen' (to check/test). The -ung ending makes it feminine. Also 'der Test'.

Front: das Buch, die Bücher
Back: the book
Ich lese ein Buch. — I'm reading a book.
Notes: Irregular plural with umlaut and -er: Buch → Bücher. A small booklet is 'das Heft' (exercise book).

Front: der Stift, die Stifte
Back: the pen / pencil
Gib mir bitte einen Stift. — Please give me a pen.
Notes: Generic writing tool. A pencil is 'der Bleistift'; a ballpoint is 'der Kugelschreiber' (der Kuli).

Front: die Arbeit, die Arbeiten
Back: the work / job
Ich gehe zur Arbeit. — I'm going to work.
Notes: 'die Arbeit' = work in general; 'der Beruf' = profession; 'der Job' = a specific job. The verb is 'arbeiten'.

Front: arbeiten
Back: to work
Er arbeitet bei einer Bank. — He works at a bank.
Notes: Because the stem ends in -t, you add an extra e: 'du arbeitest', 'er arbeitet' (for pronounceability).

Front: das Büro, die Büros
Back: the office
Mein Büro ist im dritten Stock. — My office is on the third floor.
Notes: Neuter loanword from French 'bureau'; plural takes -s. 'im Büro' = at the office.

Front: der Chef, die Chefs
Back: the boss
Mein Chef ist nett. — My boss is nice.
Notes: French loanword pronounced 'shef'; it means 'boss', NOT 'chef/cook' (that is 'der Koch') — a false friend.

Front: die Firma, die Firmen
Back: the company / firm
Die Firma ist sehr groß. — The company is very big.
Notes: Irregular plural: Firma → Firmen (the -a becomes -en). 'bei der Firma' = at the company.

Front: der Computer, die Computer
Back: the computer
Ich arbeite am Computer. — I work at the computer.
Notes: Masculine; plural unchanged (-er ending). Pronounced the English way: 'kom-PJU-ter'.

Front: das Geld, (kein Plural)
Back: the money
Ich habe kein Geld. — I have no money.
Notes: Neuter and uncountable (no plural). Don't confuse with 'gelb' (yellow), which sounds similar.

Front: verdienen
Back: to earn
Sie verdient gut. — She earns well.
Notes: Inseparable verb. Also means 'to deserve': 'Das hast du verdient' = you deserve that.

Front: die E-Mail, die E-Mails
Back: the email
Ich schreibe eine E-Mail. — I'm writing an email.
Notes: Feminine in German (die E-Mail). Plural takes -s. Also 'die Mail' for short.

Front: das Hobby, die Hobbys
Back: the hobby
Mein Hobby ist Lesen. — My hobby is reading.
Notes: Neuter loanword; German plural is 'Hobbys' (not 'Hobbies'). 'Was sind deine Hobbys?'

Front: die Musik, (kein Plural)
Back: the music
Ich höre gern Musik. — I like listening to music.
Notes: Feminine, usually no plural. Stress on the last syllable: mu-SIK. 'Musik hören' = to listen to music.

Front: der Sport, (kein Plural)
Back: the sport
Ich mache viel Sport. — I do a lot of sport.
Notes: Masculine, generally no plural. Note the idiom 'Sport machen/treiben' = to do/play sports.

Front: der Film, die Filme
Back: the film / movie
Der Film ist sehr spannend. — The film is very exciting.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. To watch a film = 'einen Film sehen' or 'gucken' (colloquial).

Front: das Spiel, die Spiele
Back: the game
Das Spiel beginnt um acht. — The game starts at eight.
Notes: Neuter, plural -e. From 'spielen' (to play). A board game = 'das Brettspiel'.

Front: spielen
Back: to play
Die Kinder spielen Fußball. — The children play football.
Notes: Used for games, sports, and instruments: 'Klavier spielen' (play piano), but note 'Fußball spielen' has no article.

Front: lesen
Back: to read
Ich lese gern Bücher. — I like reading books.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich lese, but du liest, er liest (e → ie). Add 'gern' to say you like doing it.

Front: schreiben
Back: to write
Ich schreibe einen Brief. — I'm writing a letter.
Notes: Regular present, but irregular past: 'geschrieben'. 'ein Brief' = a letter; 'eine E-Mail' = an email.

Front: tanzen
Back: to dance
Wir tanzen die ganze Nacht. — We dance all night.
Notes: Because the stem ends in -z, the 'du' form is just 'du tanzt' (the -s of -st merges with the z).

Front: singen
Back: to sing
Sie singt im Chor. — She sings in a choir.
Notes: Irregular past: 'gesungen'. The noun is 'das Lied' (song) or 'der Gesang' (singing).

Front: schwimmen
Back: to swim
Im Sommer schwimmen wir im See. — In summer we swim in the lake.
Notes: Movement verb — takes 'sein' in the Perfekt when going somewhere: 'Ich bin geschwommen.'

Front: reisen
Back: to travel
Ich reise gern nach Italien. — I like travelling to Italy.
Notes: Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin gereist.' Don't confuse 'reisen' with 'reißen' (to tear).

Front: fotografieren
Back: to take photos
Ich fotografiere die Berge. — I photograph the mountains.
Notes: Verbs ending in -ieren are inseparable AND drop the 'ge-' in the past: 'fotografiert', not 'gefotografiert'.

Front: der Fußball, die Fußbälle
Back: the football / soccer
Fußball ist sehr beliebt. — Football is very popular.
Notes: 'Fuß' (foot) + 'Ball'. Note the ß. The sport (no article): 'Fußball spielen'. Umlaut plural for the ball.

Front: die Karte, die Karten
Back: the card / ticket / map
Ich kaufe eine Karte für das Konzert. — I'm buying a ticket for the concert.
Notes: One word for several things: playing card, postcard, map, and event ticket. Context decides the meaning.

Front: das Konzert, die Konzerte
Back: the concert
Wir gehen ins Konzert. — We're going to the concert.
Notes: Neuter, plural -e. Stress on the second syllable: kon-ZERT. 'ins Konzert gehen' = to go to a concert.

Front: die Freizeit, (kein Plural)
Back: the free time / leisure
In meiner Freizeit lese ich. — In my free time I read.
Notes: 'frei' (free) + 'Zeit' (time). No plural. 'In meiner Freizeit' = in my spare time.

Front: die Party, die Partys
Back: the party
Wir machen eine Party. — We're having a party.
Notes: Feminine loanword; German plural is 'Partys'. 'eine Party machen/feiern' = to throw a party.

Front: der Urlaub, die Urlaube
Back: the holiday / vacation
Wir fahren in den Urlaub. — We're going on holiday.
Notes: 'der Urlaub' is vacation from work; 'die Ferien' (plural only) are school holidays. 'im Urlaub' = on holiday.

Front: das Fernsehen, (kein Plural)
Back: the television (medium)
Im Fernsehen kommt ein Film. — There's a film on TV.
Notes: The medium/broadcasting; the TV set is 'der Fernseher'. Verb 'fernsehen' is separable: 'Ich sehe fern.'

Front: der Ort, die Orte
Back: the place / location
Das ist ein schöner Ort. — That is a beautiful place.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. Appears in 'der Wohnort' (residence) and 'der Geburtsort' (birthplace).

Front: der Platz, die Plätze
Back: the place / square / seat
Ist dieser Platz frei? — Is this seat free?
Notes: Means a square (Marktplatz), a seat, and 'room/space'. Umlaut plural: Platz → Plätze.

Front: die Straße, die Straßen
Back: the street / road
Die Straße ist breit. — The street is wide.
Notes: Spelled with ß (after a long vowel). In Switzerland it's written 'Strasse'. Often abbreviated 'Str.'

Front: der Bahnhof, die Bahnhöfe
Back: the train station
Der Bahnhof ist in der Stadtmitte. — The station is in the city centre.
Notes: 'Bahn' (railway) + 'Hof' (yard). Umlaut plural: Hof → Höfe → Bahnhöfe. Bus station = 'der Busbahnhof'.

Front: der Flughafen, die Flughäfen
Back: the airport
Wir fahren zum Flughafen. — We're going to the airport.
Notes: 'Flug' (flight) + 'Hafen' (harbour/port). Umlaut plural: Hafen → Häfen → Flughäfen.

Front: das Krankenhaus, die Krankenhäuser
Back: the hospital
Sie arbeitet im Krankenhaus. — She works in the hospital.
Notes: 'krank' (sick) + 'Haus'. Umlaut plural from 'Häuser'. Also called 'die Klinik'.

Front: die Bank, die Banken
Back: the bank (money)
Ich gehe zur Bank. — I'm going to the bank.
Notes: Tricky: 'die Bank' = bank has plural 'Banken', but 'die Bank' = bench has plural 'Bänke' (with umlaut)!

Front: die Apotheke, die Apotheken
Back: the pharmacy
Die Apotheke ist geschlossen. — The pharmacy is closed.
Notes: False friend: NOT a general shop. A 'Drogerie' sells toiletries; medicine comes from the 'Apotheke'.

Front: der Markt, die Märkte
Back: the market
Am Samstag gehe ich zum Markt. — On Saturday I go to the market.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Markt → Märkte. A supermarket is 'der Supermarkt'.

Front: die Kirche, die Kirchen
Back: the church
Die Kirche ist sehr alt. — The church is very old.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. Don't confuse 'die Kirche' (church) with 'die Kirsche' (cherry)!

Front: die Bäckerei, die Bäckereien
Back: the bakery
Ich kaufe Brot in der Bäckerei. — I buy bread at the bakery.
Notes: All nouns ending in -ei are feminine (die), like die Metzgerei (butcher's) and die Konditorei (cake shop).

Front: links
Back: left / on the left
Gehen Sie nach links. — Go to the left.
Notes: Direction adverb. 'nach links' = to the left, 'links' = on the left. Opposite: 'rechts'.

Front: rechts
Back: right / on the right
Die Bank ist rechts. — The bank is on the right.
Notes: Don't confuse 'rechts' (on the right) with 'richtig' (correct) or 'das Recht' (the right/law).

Front: geradeaus
Back: straight ahead
Gehen Sie immer geradeaus. — Keep going straight ahead.
Notes: Key word for directions: 'immer geradeaus' = straight on the whole way. Spelled as one word.

Front: die Ecke, die Ecken
Back: the corner
Die Bäckerei ist an der Ecke. — The bakery is on the corner.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. 'um die Ecke' = around the corner; 'an der Ecke' = at/on the corner.

Front: das Auto, die Autos
Back: the car
Ich fahre mit dem Auto. — I'm going by car.
Notes: Neuter; plural takes -s. 'mit dem Auto' = by car. The verb for driving is 'fahren'.

Front: der Bus, die Busse
Back: the bus
Der Bus kommt um neun. — The bus comes at nine.
Notes: Masculine; plural doubles the s: Busse. 'mit dem Bus fahren' = to go by bus.

Front: der Zug, die Züge
Back: the train
Der Zug fährt nach Berlin. — The train goes to Berlin.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Zug → Züge. 'mit dem Zug fahren' = to travel by train.

Front: das Fahrrad, die Fahrräder
Back: the bicycle
Ich fahre mit dem Fahrrad. — I ride my bicycle.
Notes: 'fahren' + 'das Rad' (wheel). Umlaut and -er plural: Fahrräder. Often shortened to 'das Rad'.

Front: das Flugzeug, die Flugzeuge
Back: the airplane
Das Flugzeug landet bald. — The plane will land soon.
Notes: 'Flug' (flight) + 'das Zeug' (stuff/gear); gender from 'Zeug', so neuter. 'mit dem Flugzeug' = by plane.

Front: die Bahn, die Bahnen
Back: the railway / tram
Ich nehme die Bahn. — I'm taking the train/tram.
Notes: Covers railways and trams (Straßenbahn, U-Bahn, S-Bahn). 'die Deutsche Bahn' is the national railway.

Front: die U-Bahn, die U-Bahnen
Back: the underground / subway
Ich fahre mit der U-Bahn. — I go by underground.
Notes: 'U' is short for 'Untergrund'. The above-ground city train is the 'S-Bahn' (S = Stadtschnellbahn).

Front: fahren
Back: to drive / to go (by vehicle)
Wir fahren nach München. — We're driving to Munich.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich fahre, but du fährst, er fährt (a → ä). Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin gefahren.'

Front: fliegen
Back: to fly
Ich fliege nach Spanien. — I'm flying to Spain.
Notes: Movement verb — takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin geflogen.' Irregular past participle.

Front: die Fahrkarte, die Fahrkarten
Back: the ticket (transport)
Ich brauche eine Fahrkarte. — I need a ticket.
Notes: 'fahren' + 'Karte'. For trains also 'das Ticket'. An event ticket is just 'die Karte'.

Front: der Weg, die Wege
Back: the way / path
Der Weg ist lang. — The way is long.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. Don't confuse the noun 'der Weg' (path) with 'weg' (away, adverb), pronounced differently.

Front: abfahren
Back: to depart / leave
Der Zug fährt um zehn ab. — The train departs at ten.
Notes: Separable verb: 'Der Zug fährt ... ab.' Opposite is 'ankommen' (to arrive), also separable.

Front: ankommen
Back: to arrive
Wir kommen um drei an. — We arrive at three.
Notes: Separable: 'Wir kommen ... an.' Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin angekommen.'

Front: umsteigen
Back: to change (trains/buses)
In Köln müssen wir umsteigen. — In Cologne we have to change.
Notes: Separable: 'Wir steigen in Köln um.' Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt. 'einsteigen' = get on, 'aussteigen' = get off.

Front: die Reise, die Reisen
Back: the trip / journey
Gute Reise! — Have a good trip!
Notes: From 'reisen'. 'Gute Reise!' is the standard send-off. A business trip is 'die Geschäftsreise'.

Front: das Geschäft, die Geschäfte
Back: the shop / business
Das Geschäft öffnet um neun. — The shop opens at nine.
Notes: Neuter, plural -e. Means both a shop and a business deal. A larger store is 'der Laden'.

Front: der Laden, die Läden
Back: the shop / store
Der Laden ist gleich um die Ecke. — The shop is just around the corner.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Laden → Läden. More casual than 'das Geschäft'.

Front: kaufen
Back: to buy
Ich kaufe einen Pullover. — I'm buying a sweater.
Notes: 'kaufen' = to buy; 'verkaufen' = to sell; 'einkaufen' (separable) = to go shopping. Don't mix them up.

Front: einkaufen
Back: to shop / go shopping
Ich kaufe im Supermarkt ein. — I shop at the supermarket.
Notes: Separable verb: 'Ich kaufe ... ein.' Means general shopping (groceries), unlike 'kaufen' (buy one thing).

Front: verkaufen
Back: to sell
Sie verkauft ihr altes Auto. — She's selling her old car.
Notes: Inseparable 'ver-' opposite of 'kaufen'. The 'Verkäufer/in' is the salesperson.

Front: bezahlen
Back: to pay
Ich bezahle mit Karte. — I'll pay by card.
Notes: Inseparable. 'bezahlen' (pay for something) vs 'zahlen' (pay, e.g. the bill in a café). 'mit Karte/bar'.

Front: der Preis, die Preise
Back: the price
Der Preis ist zu hoch. — The price is too high.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. Also means 'prize/award'. 'günstig' = cheap (positive), 'teuer' = expensive.

Front: das Kleid, die Kleider
Back: the dress
Sie trägt ein blaues Kleid. — She's wearing a blue dress.
Notes: Singular = a dress; plural 'Kleider' often means 'clothes' in general. 'die Kleidung' = clothing (no plural).

Front: die Hose, die Hosen
Back: the trousers / pants
Die Hose ist zu lang. — The trousers are too long.
Notes: Singular in German for one pair of trousers, unlike English plural 'trousers'. 'eine Hose' = a pair.

Front: der Schuh, die Schuhe
Back: the shoe
Die Schuhe sind neu. — The shoes are new.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. Usually used in the plural 'die Schuhe' (a pair). 'Schuhgröße' = shoe size.

Front: die Jacke, die Jacken
Back: the jacket
Zieh deine Jacke an! — Put on your jacket!
Notes: Feminine -e noun. The verb 'anziehen' (to put on) is separable: 'Ich ziehe die Jacke an.'

Front: der Mantel, die Mäntel
Back: the coat
Im Winter trage ich einen Mantel. — In winter I wear a coat.
Notes: Umlaut-only plural: Mantel → Mäntel. A coat is longer/warmer than a jacket (die Jacke).

Front: der Pullover, die Pullover
Back: the sweater / pullover
Der Pullover ist warm. — The sweater is warm.
Notes: Masculine; plural unchanged (-er ending). Often shortened to 'der Pulli'.

Front: die Größe, die Größen
Back: the size
Welche Größe haben Sie? — What size do you take?
Notes: From 'groß' (big), with ö and ß. 'Welche Größe?' is how you ask for clothing/shoe size.

Front: die Farbe, die Farben
Back: the colour
Welche Farbe magst du? — Which colour do you like?
Notes: Feminine -e noun. Colour adjectives (rot, blau, grün) take endings before nouns: 'ein rotes Auto'.

Front: tragen
Back: to wear / to carry
Sie trägt eine Brille. — She wears glasses.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich trage, but du trägst, er trägt (a → ä). Means both 'to wear' and 'to carry'.

Front: anprobieren
Back: to try on
Kann ich die Hose anprobieren? — Can I try on the trousers?
Notes: Separable: 'Ich probiere die Hose an.' Useful when shopping for clothes. 'die Umkleidekabine' = fitting room.

Front: billig
Back: cheap / inexpensive
Das T-Shirt ist billig. — The T-shirt is cheap.
Notes: 'billig' can imply cheap/poor quality; 'günstig' means a good price without the negative tone. Opposite: 'teuer'.

Front: teuer
Back: expensive
Das Auto ist sehr teuer. — The car is very expensive.
Notes: When it takes an ending, the second 'e' drops: 'ein teures Auto' (not 'teueres'). Opposite: 'billig'.

Front: der Supermarkt, die Supermärkte
Back: the supermarket
Ich gehe in den Supermarkt. — I'm going to the supermarket.
Notes: 'super' + 'der Markt'; umlaut plural from Märkte. 'in den Supermarkt' (going) vs 'im Supermarkt' (at).

Front: sein
Back: to be
Ich bin müde. — I am tired.
Notes: Highly irregular: ich bin, du bist, er ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie sind. The most important German verb.

Front: haben
Back: to have
Ich habe einen Hund. — I have a dog.
Notes: Irregular: ich habe, du hast, er hat, wir haben, ihr habt, sie haben. Note du/er drop the 'b'.

Front: werden
Back: to become / will
Es wird kalt. — It's getting cold.
Notes: Irregular: ich werde, du wirst, er wird, wir werden, ihr werdet, sie werden. Also forms the future tense.

Front: können
Back: can / to be able to
Ich kann schwimmen. — I can swim.
Notes: Modal verb: ich kann, du kannst, er kann, wir können, ihr könnt, sie können. ich/er have no ending.

Front: müssen
Back: must / to have to
Ich muss arbeiten. — I have to work.
Notes: Modal: ich muss, du musst, er muss, wir müssen, ihr müsst, sie müssen. 'muss nicht' = don't have to (not 'mustn't').

Front: wollen
Back: to want to
Ich will nach Hause. — I want to go home.
Notes: Modal: ich will, du willst, er will, wir wollen, ihr wollt, sie wollen. 'will' is NOT future — it means 'want'.

Front: dürfen
Back: may / to be allowed to
Hier darf man nicht rauchen. — You may not smoke here.
Notes: Modal: ich darf, du darfst, er darf, wir dürfen, ihr dürft, sie dürfen. 'darf nicht' = must not (prohibition).

Front: sollen
Back: should / ought to / supposed to
Du sollst mehr schlafen. — You should sleep more.
Notes: Modal: ich soll, du sollst, er soll, wir sollen, ihr sollt, sie sollen. Expresses advice or others' wishes.

Front: mögen
Back: to like
Ich mag Schokolade. — I like chocolate.
Notes: Modal: ich mag, du magst, er mag, wir mögen, ihr mögt, sie mögen. The form 'möchte' means 'would like'.

Front: machen
Back: to do / to make
Was machst du? — What are you doing?
Notes: Extremely versatile: 'Hausaufgaben machen' (do homework), 'Essen machen' (make food), 'Sport machen'.

Front: gehen
Back: to go (on foot)
Ich gehe nach Hause. — I'm going home.
Notes: On foot specifically; for vehicles use 'fahren'. Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin gegangen.'

Front: sehen
Back: to see
Ich sehe einen Vogel. — I see a bird.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich sehe, but du siehst, er sieht (e → ie). 'fernsehen' (watch TV) is the separable cousin.

Front: hören
Back: to hear / to listen
Ich höre Musik. — I'm listening to music.
Notes: Means both 'to hear' and 'to listen to'. 'Musik hören' = to listen to music. Note the ö.

Front: sagen
Back: to say / to tell
Was sagst du? — What are you saying?
Notes: 'Wie sagt man ...?' = How do you say ...? A handy classroom phrase for learners.

Front: geben
Back: to give
Gib mir das Buch. — Give me the book.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich gebe, du gibst, er gibt (e → i). 'Es gibt' = there is/there are, a super-common phrase.

Front: nehmen
Back: to take
Ich nehme den Bus. — I'll take the bus.
Notes: Very irregular: ich nehme, du nimmst, er nimmt (note the double m and dropped 'h').

Front: finden
Back: to find / to think
Ich finde das gut. — I think that's good.
Notes: Besides 'to find', it expresses opinion: 'Ich finde, dass ...' = I think that ... ('Wie findest du das?').

Front: wissen
Back: to know (a fact)
Ich weiß es nicht. — I don't know it.
Notes: Irregular: ich weiß, du weißt, er weiß. Use 'wissen' for facts, 'kennen' for people/places you're familiar with.

Front: kennen
Back: to know (be familiar with)
Ich kenne ihn gut. — I know him well.
Notes: Use 'kennen' for people and places; 'wissen' for facts. English uses 'know' for both — Germans don't.

Front: brauchen
Back: to need
Ich brauche Hilfe. — I need help.
Notes: Regular verb. With 'zu' it can mean 'need to': 'Du brauchst nicht zu kommen' = you don't need to come.

Front: bekommen
Back: to receive / to get
Ich bekomme ein Geschenk. — I'm getting a present.
Notes: Classic false friend: 'bekommen' means TO RECEIVE, not 'to become' (that's 'werden').

Front: bleiben
Back: to stay / to remain
Ich bleibe zu Hause. — I'm staying at home.
Notes: Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin geblieben.' Irregular past participle.

Front: stehen
Back: to stand
Der Tisch steht in der Küche. — The table is (standing) in the kitchen.
Notes: Germans use position verbs (stehen/liegen/sitzen) where English just says 'is'. Irregular past: 'gestanden'.

Front: schlafen
Back: to sleep
Das Baby schläft. — The baby is sleeping.
Notes: Stem-changing: ich schlafe, du schläfst, er schläft (a → ä). 'einschlafen' (separable) = to fall asleep.

Front: aufstehen
Back: to get up
Ich stehe um sieben auf. — I get up at seven.
Notes: Separable: 'Ich stehe ... auf.' Takes 'sein' in the Perfekt: 'Ich bin aufgestanden.'

Front: anrufen
Back: to call (phone)
Ich rufe dich später an. — I'll call you later.
Notes: Separable: 'Ich rufe dich an.' Takes a direct object (no 'bei'): 'Ich rufe ihn an', not 'rufe bei ihm an'.

Front: helfen
Back: to help
Kannst du mir helfen? — Can you help me?
Notes: Stem-changing (e → i): du hilfst, er hilft. Takes the DATIVE: 'Ich helfe dir' (dir, not dich).

Front: öffnen
Back: to open
Öffne bitte die Tür. — Please open the door.
Notes: Stem ends in -n after a consonant, so add an e: 'du öffnest', 'er öffnet'. Opposite: 'schließen' (to close).

Front: fragen
Back: to ask
Ich frage den Lehrer. — I'm asking the teacher.
Notes: 'fragen' (to ask a question) vs 'bitten um' (to ask FOR something). 'die Frage' = the question.

Front: antworten
Back: to answer / to reply
Bitte antworte mir. — Please answer me.
Notes: Takes the DATIVE for the person: 'Ich antworte dir.' The noun is 'die Antwort' (answer).

Front: groß
Back: big / tall / large
Das Haus ist groß. — The house is big.
Notes: Means both 'big' and 'tall' (for people). Spelled with ß. Opposite: 'klein' (small).

Front: klein
Back: small / little
Meine Wohnung ist klein. — My apartment is small.
Notes: Opposite of 'groß'. Don't confuse with the -lein/-chen diminutive endings that also mean 'little'.

Front: gut
Back: good / well
Das Essen ist gut. — The food is good.
Notes: Irregular comparison: gut → besser → am besten (good, better, best). Opposite: 'schlecht'.

Front: schlecht
Back: bad / poorly
Mir geht es schlecht. — I'm feeling bad.
Notes: Opposite of 'gut'. 'Mir ist schlecht' specifically means 'I feel nauseous/sick'.

Front: neu
Back: new
Ich habe ein neues Auto. — I have a new car.
Notes: Opposite: 'alt' (old). Don't confuse with 'neun' (nine). 'Was gibt's Neues?' = What's new?

Front: alt
Back: old
Mein Großvater ist alt. — My grandfather is old.
Notes: Used for both age of things and people. 'Wie alt bist du?' = How old are you? Umlaut comparison: älter.

Front: jung
Back: young
Sie ist noch jung. — She is still young.
Notes: Umlaut comparison: jung → jünger → am jüngsten. Opposite: 'alt'. The noun 'der Junge' means 'boy'.

Front: schön
Back: beautiful / nice
Das Wetter ist schön. — The weather is nice.
Notes: Very common politeness word: 'Danke schön', 'Bitte schön', 'Schönen Tag!'. Note the ö.

Front: hässlich
Back: ugly
Das Gebäude ist hässlich. — The building is ugly.
Notes: Opposite of 'schön'. Note the ä and double s. From 'der Hass' (hatred).

Front: lang
Back: long
Der Film ist sehr lang. — The film is very long.
Notes: For length; the adverb 'lange' means 'for a long time'. Umlaut comparison: länger. Opposite: 'kurz'.

Front: kurz
Back: short
Meine Haare sind kurz. — My hair is short.
Notes: For length and time ('kurz' = briefly). Umlaut comparison: kürzer. Opposite: 'lang'.

Front: schnell
Back: fast / quick
Das Auto ist schnell. — The car is fast.
Notes: Works as both adjective and adverb (no change). Opposite: 'langsam'.

Front: langsam
Back: slow / slowly
Fahr bitte langsam! — Please drive slowly!
Notes: 'Langsam!' alone means 'Slow down!' / 'Take it easy!'. Opposite: 'schnell'.

Front: warm
Back: warm
Der Tee ist noch warm. — The tea is still warm.
Notes: Umlaut comparison: warm → wärmer. Opposite: 'kalt'. 'Mir ist warm' = I feel warm.

Front: kalt
Back: cold
Das Wasser ist kalt. — The water is cold.
Notes: Umlaut comparison: kalt → kälter. 'Mir ist kalt' = I'm cold (dative), NOT 'Ich bin kalt'.

Front: teuer oder billig
Back: expensive or cheap
Ist das teuer oder billig? — Is that expensive or cheap?
Notes: Remember: 'teuer' drops its second 'e' when inflected ('ein teures Buch'). 'oder' = or.

Front: richtig
Back: right / correct
Deine Antwort ist richtig. — Your answer is correct.
Notes: Opposite: 'falsch' (wrong). Don't confuse with 'rechts' (to the right). Also an intensifier: 'richtig gut'.

Front: falsch
Back: wrong / false
Das ist die falsche Antwort. — That's the wrong answer.
Notes: Opposite of 'richtig'. Also means 'fake/false' (false friend = 'falscher Freund').

Front: schwer
Back: heavy / difficult
Die Tasche ist schwer. — The bag is heavy.
Notes: Means both 'heavy' (weight) and 'difficult'. Opposite of 'difficult' is 'leicht' (also = light in weight).

Front: leicht
Back: easy / light (weight)
Die Aufgabe ist leicht. — The task is easy.
Notes: Like 'schwer', it covers two senses: 'easy' and 'light in weight'. Opposite: 'schwer'.

Front: das Wetter, (kein Plural)
Back: the weather
Wie ist das Wetter heute? — How's the weather today?
Notes: Neuter and uncountable. 'Wie ist das Wetter?' is the standard question. Don't confuse with 'der Vetter' (cousin).

Front: die Sonne, die Sonnen
Back: the sun
Die Sonne scheint. — The sun is shining.
Notes: Feminine -e noun. 'Die Sonne scheint' = the sun shines/is out. The verb is 'scheinen'.

Front: der Regen, (kein Plural)
Back: the rain
Der Regen ist stark. — The rain is heavy.
Notes: Masculine, usually no plural. The verb 'regnen' is impersonal: 'Es regnet' = it's raining.

Front: der Schnee, (kein Plural)
Back: the snow
Der Schnee ist weiß. — The snow is white.
Notes: Masculine, no plural. The verb 'schneien' is impersonal: 'Es schneit' = it's snowing.

Front: der Wind, die Winde
Back: the wind
Der Wind ist kalt. — The wind is cold.
Notes: Masculine, plural -e. Adjective 'windig' = windy: 'Es ist windig' = it's windy.

Front: der Himmel, (kein Plural)
Back: the sky / heaven
Der Himmel ist blau. — The sky is blue.
Notes: Masculine, normally no plural. Means both 'sky' and 'heaven' — context decides.

Front: der Baum, die Bäume
Back: the tree
Der Baum ist sehr hoch. — The tree is very tall.
Notes: Umlaut plural: Baum → Bäume. Don't confuse with 'der Raum' (room/space).

Front: die Blume, die Blumen
Back: the flower
Ich kaufe Blumen für meine Mutter. — I'm buying flowers for my mother.
Notes: Feminine -e noun, plural -n. Giving flowers is common in Germany — but bring an odd number, never 12.

Front: der Sommer, die Sommer
Back: the summer
Im Sommer ist es warm. — In summer it's warm.
Notes: All four seasons are masculine (der). Plural unchanged (-er). 'im Sommer' = in summer.

Front: der Winter, die Winter
Back: the winter
Im Winter schneit es oft. — In winter it often snows.
Notes: Masculine; plural unchanged. The other seasons: 'der Frühling' (spring), 'der Herbst' (autumn).

Front: wer
Back: who
Wer bist du? — Who are you?
Notes: Question word for people. It changes by case: wer (subject), wen (object), wem (to whom).

Front: was
Back: what
Was machst du? — What are you doing?
Notes: Question word for things. 'Was für ein ...?' = What kind of ...? Don't confuse with 'wer' (who).

Front: wo
Back: where
Wo wohnst du? — Where do you live?
Notes: 'wo' = where (location); 'wohin' = where to (direction); 'woher' = where from (origin). Keep them straight!

Front: wann
Back: when
Wann kommst du? — When are you coming?
Notes: Question word for time. Don't confuse the question 'wann' with the conjunction 'wenn' (if/when).

Front: warum
Back: why
Warum lernst du Deutsch? — Why are you learning German?
Notes: Answer with 'weil' (because), which sends the verb to the end: 'weil es schön ist'. Also 'wieso', 'weshalb'.

Front: wie
Back: how
Wie heißt du? — What's your name (how are you called)?
Notes: 'wie' = how, but also used in 'Wie heißt ...?' (what's the name) and 'Wie viel?' (how much).

Front: wie viel
Back: how much / how many
Wie viel kostet das? — How much does that cost?
Notes: 'wie viel' for uncountable (how much), 'wie viele' for countable (how many). Now written as two words.

Front: welcher
Back: which
Welches Buch liest du? — Which book are you reading?
Notes: Changes with gender/case like an article: welcher (m), welche (f), welches (n), welche (pl).

Front: Hilfe!
Back: Help!
Hilfe! Ich brauche einen Arzt! — Help! I need a doctor!
Notes: The noun 'die Hilfe' (no plural). The verb 'helfen' takes the dative: 'Hilf mir!' = Help me!

Front: Ich verstehe nicht.
Back: I don't understand.
Entschuldigung, ich verstehe nicht. — Sorry, I don't understand.
Notes: Survival phrase. Follow up with 'Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?' = Can you repeat that, please?